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Population// Demography// Birth and Death// Factors Affecting Population Change// Population Terms// Population Pyramids// Population Density// World Population Trends// Population Distribution// China's One Child Polycy
Population - Demography
What is demography?
- the gathering and analysis of information about human populations
- it deals with a populations size, composition, distribution, density, or growth.
They look to answer questions such as these;
- How many? Where can this information be found?
- How is this population changing?
- How quickly is this population changing?
- What are the characteristics and composition of this population
- How is this population distributed?
- What implications do these factors have for the future?
What are some possible problems with the accuracy of census material?
- People refuse to co-operate
- homelessness
- fear of entering slums and crime-ridden areas
- isolation
- confusion
- privacy issues
- reputation
How to you measure population change?
- Absolute population change: the actual number of people by which a population has increased or decreased over a period of time
- Relative population change: also known as population growth rate, measures the average annual percentage change over this same time period
Some factors affecting population change;
- the number of people who are born
- the number of people who die
- the number of people who move into the country
- the number of people who leave the country
The way in which population changes isi through birth, deaths, immigration, and emigration, sinve these are the factors that effect the population, they are termed rital statistics
Immigration - the movement of people to a country
Emmigration - the movement of people out of country
Puch and Pull factors;
- the push factors are the conditions in the home country that make a person want to leave, or emigrate (ex: lack of jobs, poor educations system, lack of democracy, etc.)
- the pull forces are the advantageous conditions in the receiving country that draw a person there, or immigrate (ex: good social programs, clean environment, friends and family, etc.)
Brain drain - the emigration of educated people
Demography
Why do we study population?
- The increasing global population in the most serious issue facing the world.
- To fully understand a nation, region, province, city, et. are must have an understanding of the characterics of the human population in that area.
Demography
- The study of population with an emphasis on quantitative aspects such as birth and death rates.
- What do demographers study?
--- size of the population
--- how the population is changing
--- the speed or rate at which the population is changing
--- the characterics and composition of populations
--- how the population is distributed
--- the implication these population factors have for the future
What can influence Birth Rates?
- number of women in the total population
- range of ages for the female population
- number of births (culture and religion are a strong determinant in this category)
- economic states and the education level
- gavernment policies
What can influence Death Rates?
- availability of madical services
- health problems
- education
- arailability of food and clearn water
- level of economic development
- war and environmental disasters
- a country's fertility rate
Fertility Rate: The total dertility rate (TFR) indicates the average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime if the annual fertility rates remained constant.
Replacement Level: In order for a country to maintain its level of population if no migration were to take place, a certain fertility rate must be achieved. Known as the replavement level. In MDC's it is about 2.1 children per femele, in LDC's it is about 2.5 children per female.
Factors Affecting Population Change
- A term coined by Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980) in his book, Understanding Media.
1) Birth Rate - the number of live births per 1000 in a year
Birth rate are affected by such factors as nutrition, fertility, attitudes abour abortion, lobour value of children, government policies, social value, the availability of contraception and culture.
2) Death Rate - the number of deaths per 1000 in a year
Death rates are affected by disease, war, medical technology, improved health care, transportation development and nutrition
Immigration - the number of people moving into a country
Pull Factors - characteristics od a place that attracts people to it
4) Emigration - the number of people leaving a country
Push Factors - characteristics of a place that causes people to leave
Refugees - people who are forced to leave their country due to war, life-treatening discrimination, famine, opr natural desasters
Population Terms
Replacement Level;
- The number of children required to keep the population of country constant
- Does not take migration (immigration and emigration) into consideration
- Example: Approximately 2.1 children per female in MDLs and 2.5 children per female in LDCs
Total Fertility Rate;
- The average number of children a woman has in her lifetime in a country
- Largely depends on religion, culture, social values, economic status and health care
- Example: Canada=1.6; China=1.7; Haiti=4.9; Chad=6.3
Infant Mortality Rate;
- The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year in a county
- Example: Canada=4.7; China=23.1; haiti=71.7; Chad=91
Life Expectancy at Birth;
- The average number of years newborn babies can be expected to live based on current health conditions in the country
- Example: Canada=81; China=80; Haiti=73; Chad=47
Cohort - a portion of population, according to age group; 5 year cohorts are most common
Dependency ratio - the ratio between the number of dependents and number of people in the potential workforce
Types of Population Pyramidsde
Espansive - large base, narrower top (high birth rate, expanding pop.)
Stationary - no or very little pop. growth; - relatively straight sides
Stable - slow growth over a period or a time
Declining - high proportion of aged; - declining numbers
Population Density
1. Arithmetic Population Density
- Average number of people living in a particular unit of land
- Tells us how crowded a country is
- People per square kilometer
- PROBLEMS: statistic can be misleading
2. Physiologic Population Density
- The Average number of people per unit of arable or cultivated land
- People per square kilometer
- More accurate density statistic for how crowded a country is
World Populatino Trends
Growing larger
- Annual growth rate is slowing (2.19% in 1962, 1.17% in 2006, projected 0.5% in 2048)
- Population still increasing quickly (80 million people a year)
Growing population disparity
- Increasing portion of world population lives in the LDCs
Declining growth/Increasing Numbers
- Because of large number of young people, populetion growth will continue
Changing Age Structire
- Average ager of population is increasing
Move to the cities
- More people are moving from rural areas into urban areas
Population Distribution
- the manner in which a population has arranged themselves over a particular unit of land
- the location of a population
Factors Influencing Populatino Distribution
- climate, water, resouces (faming, forestry, fishing, minerals), sorces of food access to transportation, economic oppotunities (employment), political opportunities
China's One Child Polycy - created in 1979
Polycy lncentires;
- salary bonus (urban)
- bigger land allocation (rural)
- extended maternity leave
- paid medical and hospital expenses
- priority access to housing employment and schooling for the child
Disobeying the Policy
- withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits
- fines (even against everyone in the village or town)
- demotion or discharge from a government job
Exceptions to the Rule
- membership of a minority ethnic group
- having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work
Social concerns
- Gender imbalance:
--- Approximately 120 males are born for every 100 females
--- As many as 40 million men could spend their lives as bachelors
--- Female babies are frequency aborted in a tero, abandoned, or killed after birth (female infantcie)
- Many wealth couples turning to fertility medicines to increase their chance of having multiple births
- Little Emperors: is the term that has been used to describe the increasing only male child in each family
Population// Demography// Birth and Death// Factors Affecting Population Change// Population Terms// Population Pyramids// Population Density// World Population Trends// Population Distribution// China's One Child Polycy
Population - Demography
What is demography?
- the gathering and analysis of information about human populations
- it deals with a populations size, composition, distribution, density, or growth.
They look to answer questions such as these;
- How many? Where can this information be found?
- How is this population changing?
- How quickly is this population changing?
- What are the characteristics and composition of this population
- How is this population distributed?
- What implications do these factors have for the future?
What are some possible problems with the accuracy of census material?
- People refuse to co-operate
- homelessness
- fear of entering slums and crime-ridden areas
- isolation
- confusion
- privacy issues
- reputation
How to you measure population change?
- Absolute population change: the actual number of people by which a population has increased or decreased over a period of time
- Relative population change: also known as population growth rate, measures the average annual percentage change over this same time period
Some factors affecting population change;
- the number of people who are born
- the number of people who die
- the number of people who move into the country
- the number of people who leave the country
The way in which population changes isi through birth, deaths, immigration, and emigration, sinve these are the factors that effect the population, they are termed rital statistics
Immigration - the movement of people to a country
Emmigration - the movement of people out of country
Puch and Pull factors;
- the push factors are the conditions in the home country that make a person want to leave, or emigrate (ex: lack of jobs, poor educations system, lack of democracy, etc.)
- the pull forces are the advantageous conditions in the receiving country that draw a person there, or immigrate (ex: good social programs, clean environment, friends and family, etc.)
Brain drain - the emigration of educated people
Demography
Why do we study population?
- The increasing global population in the most serious issue facing the world.
- To fully understand a nation, region, province, city, et. are must have an understanding of the characterics of the human population in that area.
Demography
- The study of population with an emphasis on quantitative aspects such as birth and death rates.
- What do demographers study?
--- size of the population
--- how the population is changing
--- the speed or rate at which the population is changing
--- the characterics and composition of populations
--- how the population is distributed
--- the implication these population factors have for the future
Birth and Deaths
Rate of natural increase: the annual rate of population grouth equals the birth rate(BR) minus the death rate(DR). This is called the rate of natural increase. No other factors such as immigration or emmigration are involved.What can influence Birth Rates?
- number of women in the total population
- range of ages for the female population
- number of births (culture and religion are a strong determinant in this category)
- economic states and the education level
- gavernment policies
What can influence Death Rates?
- availability of madical services
- health problems
- education
- arailability of food and clearn water
- level of economic development
- war and environmental disasters
- a country's fertility rate
Fertility Rate: The total dertility rate (TFR) indicates the average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime if the annual fertility rates remained constant.
Replacement Level: In order for a country to maintain its level of population if no migration were to take place, a certain fertility rate must be achieved. Known as the replavement level. In MDC's it is about 2.1 children per femele, in LDC's it is about 2.5 children per female.
Factors Affecting Population Change
- A term coined by Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980) in his book, Understanding Media.
1) Birth Rate - the number of live births per 1000 in a year
Birth rate are affected by such factors as nutrition, fertility, attitudes abour abortion, lobour value of children, government policies, social value, the availability of contraception and culture.
2) Death Rate - the number of deaths per 1000 in a year
Death rates are affected by disease, war, medical technology, improved health care, transportation development and nutrition
Pull Factors - characteristics od a place that attracts people to it
4) Emigration - the number of people leaving a country
Push Factors - characteristics of a place that causes people to leave
Refugees - people who are forced to leave their country due to war, life-treatening discrimination, famine, opr natural desasters
Population Terms
Replacement Level;
- The number of children required to keep the population of country constant
- Does not take migration (immigration and emigration) into consideration
- Example: Approximately 2.1 children per female in MDLs and 2.5 children per female in LDCs
Total Fertility Rate;
- The average number of children a woman has in her lifetime in a country
- Largely depends on religion, culture, social values, economic status and health care
- Example: Canada=1.6; China=1.7; Haiti=4.9; Chad=6.3
Infant Mortality Rate;
- The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year in a county
- Example: Canada=4.7; China=23.1; haiti=71.7; Chad=91
Life Expectancy at Birth;
- The average number of years newborn babies can be expected to live based on current health conditions in the country
- Example: Canada=81; China=80; Haiti=73; Chad=47
Population Pyramids
- a graph that shows the age-sex composition of a populationCohort - a portion of population, according to age group; 5 year cohorts are most common
Dependency ratio - the ratio between the number of dependents and number of people in the potential workforce
Types of Population Pyramidsde
Espansive - large base, narrower top (high birth rate, expanding pop.)
Stationary - no or very little pop. growth; - relatively straight sides
Stable - slow growth over a period or a time
Declining - high proportion of aged; - declining numbers
Population Density
1. Arithmetic Population Density
- Average number of people living in a particular unit of land
- Tells us how crowded a country is
- People per square kilometer
- PROBLEMS: statistic can be misleading
2. Physiologic Population Density
- The Average number of people per unit of arable or cultivated land
- People per square kilometer
- More accurate density statistic for how crowded a country is
World Populatino Trends
Growing larger
- Annual growth rate is slowing (2.19% in 1962, 1.17% in 2006, projected 0.5% in 2048)
- Population still increasing quickly (80 million people a year)
Growing population disparity
- Increasing portion of world population lives in the LDCs
Declining growth/Increasing Numbers
- Because of large number of young people, populetion growth will continue
Changing Age Structire
- Average ager of population is increasing
Move to the cities
- More people are moving from rural areas into urban areas
Population Distribution
- the manner in which a population has arranged themselves over a particular unit of land
- the location of a population
Factors Influencing Populatino Distribution
- climate, water, resouces (faming, forestry, fishing, minerals), sorces of food access to transportation, economic oppotunities (employment), political opportunities
China's One Child Polycy - created in 1979
Polycy lncentires;
- salary bonus (urban)
- bigger land allocation (rural)
- extended maternity leave
- paid medical and hospital expenses
- priority access to housing employment and schooling for the child
Disobeying the Policy
- withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits
- fines (even against everyone in the village or town)
- demotion or discharge from a government job
Exceptions to the Rule
- membership of a minority ethnic group
- having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work
Social concerns
- Gender imbalance:
--- Approximately 120 males are born for every 100 females
--- As many as 40 million men could spend their lives as bachelors
--- Female babies are frequency aborted in a tero, abandoned, or killed after birth (female infantcie)
- Many wealth couples turning to fertility medicines to increase their chance of having multiple births
- Little Emperors: is the term that has been used to describe the increasing only male child in each family
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